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To ensure grinding performance, product quality and production safety, as well as reduce production losses, strict standardized operating procedures must be followed during the industrial application of this media, with focus on the following three core points:

Zirconia beads are primarily manufactured through three distinct processes: rolling, pressing, and drop spheronization. The rolling method involves mixing powder with binders in a rotating drum to form spherical beads. 

Zirconia beads are high-hardness, wear-resistant grinding media. The mainstream models include 95% yttria-stabilized, ceria-stabilized, 65% and 80% zirconia beads, with particle sizes ranging from 0.05mm to 50mm. The commonly used 0.3–3mm range is suitable for sand mills, 2–5mm beads for coarse grinding, and beads below 0.1mm for nano-grinding.

Pall rings were developed on the basis of Raschig rings. The upper and lower layers of the ring wall are equipped with inward-bent tongues. Each layer has five tongues bending toward the center of the ring, and the upper and lower layers are staggered. The window area accounts for about 35% of the ring wall.

The shape of the ceramic pall ring is designed to overcome the shortcomings of the ceramic raschig ring in industrial applications, and great structural improvements have been made in the research and development of the ceramic pall ring. Its structure is based on a cylindrical ring, with eight small windows on the outer wall forming eight tongues that bend inward toward the center of the ring, arranged in two layers. The positions of the upper and lower window openings are staggered. This symmetrical ring structure prevents the packing from easily reacting with other materials. Compared with the raschig ring, the porosity is significantly increased, which also improves the masstransfer performance of the ceramic pall ring.

Zirconia beads are spherical particulate materials widely used in coatings. Their functions include reducing costs, increasing solid content, enhancing performance, and improving process operating conditions.